Muslim Brotherhood

Introduction

The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, a schoolteacher, to promote a social renewal based on an Islamic ethos of altruism and civic duty, in opposition to political and social injustice and to British imperial rule. The organisation initially focused on educational and charitable work, but quickly grew to become a major political force as well, by championing the cause of disenfranchised classes, playing a prominent role in the Egyptian nationalist movement, and promoting a conception of Islam that attempted to restore broken links between tradition and modernity.

During the 1940s, the Brotherhood continued to grow rapidly, and is thought to have had over a million members by the end of the decade. After the war, it continued to play a leading role in the nationalist movement, which took on huge proportions. Although the Brotherhood's leaders remained committed to a nonviolent approach, the secret apparatus began to disobey the leadership and carry out terrorist attacks.[citation needed] The organisation's increasing popularity led Egypt's ruling elite (which was still largely under British control) to consider it a threat to their power.

In November 1948 police seized an automobile containing the documents and plans of what is thought to be the Brotherhood's `secret apparatus` with names of its members. The seizure was preceeded by an assortment of bomings and assasination attempts by the apparatus. Subsequently 32 of its leaders are arrested and its offices raided.

In what is thought to be reliation for these acts, a member of the Brotherhood, veterinary student Abdel Meguid Ahmed Hassan, assassinated the Prime Minister on December 28, 1948. A month and half later Al-Banna himself was killed in Cairo by men believed to be government agents and/or supporters of the murdered premier. He was succeeded by Hassan Isma'il al-Hudaybi, a former judge.

The Brotherhood supported the military coup that overthrew the monarchy in 1952, but the junta, though popular at first, was unwilling to share power or lift martial law; it quickly lost its public support, and began to provoke confrontations with the Brotherhood. In 1954, a member of the secret apparatus was accused by the authorities of an assassination attempt on Gamal 'Abd al-Nasser, who then abolished the Brotherhood and imprisoned and punished thousands of its members. Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, promised the Brotherhood that shari'a would be implemented as the Egyptian law and released all of the Brotherhood prisoners.

During Nasser's rule, many members of the Brotherhood were held for years in prisons and concentration camps, where they were systematically tortured. One of these was the writer Sayyid Qutb, who became the Brotherhood's most influential thinker for a time; he argued for a gradual preparation for violent revolution, to overthrow a state that he viewed as anti-Muslim. Qutb was sentenced to death in 1966.

In the 1970s, a large student Islamic activist movement took shape, independently from the Brotherhood. In the 1980s, during Hosni Mubarak's presidency, many of these activists joined the Brotherhood, enabling it to win a number of elections to the executive boards of prominent professional associations. In order to quell the Brotherhood's renewed influence, the government again resorted to harsh repressive measures starting in 1992.

In the 2005 parliamentary elections, the Brotherhood's candidates, who stood as independents, won 88 seats (20% of the total) to form the largest opposition bloc, despite many violations of the electoral process, including the arrest of hundreds of Brotherhood members. Meanwhile, the legally approved opposition parties won only 14 seats. This revived the debate within the Egyptian political elite about whether the Brotherhood should remain banned.

General Leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood

1. Hassan Al-Banna (1905- 49)
Hassan Al-Banna was born in the town of Al-Mahmoudia lake one of the provinces of Egypt. in October 17, 1906. He was Egyptian Islamist leader, and founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, ikhwan al-muslimin.

Hassan al-Banna was a man of modest background from the Nile Delta region in northern Egypt, and educated as a teacher from Cairo Teachers College and from the famous Al-Azhar University.When Hassan al-Banna was twelve years old, he became involved in a Sufi order, and became a fully initiated member in 1922.
When he was thirteen, Banna participated in demonstrations during the revolution of 1919 against British rule.

The main inspiration for his religious involvement was from the magazine Al Manar which published the writings of Muhammad Rashid Rida. The organization he started when he was 22 was initially a moderate one in its intent, but changes in the political climate and reorientations in its ideology, made the Brotherhood active in violent operations from the late 1940's.

The first Brotherhood was a youth club stressing moral and social reform, promoting this through education and propaganda.
Banna was an active writer. He wrote memoirs, as well as numerous articles and speeches.Among his most important books is "Letter To Muslim Student", in which he explains the principles of his movement.

The establishment of the Muslim Brotherhood
In 1923, at the age of 16, Al-Banna moved to Cairo to enter the famous Dar al-'Ulum college. Life in the capital offered him a greater range of activities than the village and the opportunity to meet prominent Islamic scholars (in large measure thanks to his father's acquaintances), but he was deeply disturbed by effects of Westernisation he saw there, particularly the rise of secularism and the breakdown of traditional morals. It was to spread this message that Al-Banna launched the Society of the Muslim Brothers in March 1928. At first, the society was only one of the numerous small Islamic associations that existed at the time. Similar to those that Al-Banna himself had joined since he was 12, these associations aimed to promote personal piety and engaged in charitable activities. By the late 1930s, it had established branches in every Egyptian province. A decade later, it had 500,000 active members and as many sympathizers in Egypt alone, while its appeal was now felt in several other countries as well. The society's growth was particularly pronounced after Al-Banna relocated its headquarters to Cairo in 1932. The single most important factor that made this dramatic expansion possible was the organizational and ideological leadership provided by Al-Banna.

In the early nineteenth century was still the world under the shock breakdown of the Islamic Ottoman Empire era, and Egypt was living under the British occupation, known calls for the liberation and independence, or to reform and the advancement of Egypt and the Islamic nation gathering automatic, and the reformist religious-goal beauty debt-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh and Mohammed Rashid Rida, particularly the recent Asra alive for a short period of time The correspondence with him.

It is noticeable that the intellectual and doctrinal reference to a call Brotherhood consistent with what the Muhammad Rashid Rida, they form the basis of the jurisprudence of the Muslim Brotherhood Movement in terms of advocacy Lau centrism and the revival of religious endeavor to return to the Koran year and a means of awakening the nation.

The Banna has been engaged in the national action early in the during the demonstrations, protest, participated in the establishment of a number of associations, which calls for the prosecution overnight, ethics and fight their case that the foundations of the General young Muslims in 1927 and found them to the founding of the Muslim Brotherhood in the city of Ismailia in March in March 1928, He followed later Section "Sisterhood" (26 needles Il / April 1933).

Banna, "the cornerstone of the Muslim Brotherhood approach.
Hassan al-Banna is known to have great impact in the modern Islamic thought. He managed to (re)introduce Islam as an all-inclusive system of life, providing a practical example through his society.

He then established the magazine (Muslim Brotherhood) and the daily forth M. prepare most of the bases and then the alarm and the magazine edited for the benefit of a board. He also presided over the magazine editor (Manar) after the death of chief editor Sheikh Muhammad Rashid Rida, magazines and rented struggle and the FBI and the British and others.

A Community and the killing of Al-Banna

Between 1948 and 1949, shortly after the society sent volunteers to fight in the war in Palestine, the conflict between the monarchy and the society reached its climax. Concerned with the increasing assertiveness and popularity of the brotherhood, as well as with rumors that it was plotting a coup, Prime Minister Nuqrashi Pasha disbanded it in December 1948. The organization's assets were impounded and scores of its members sent to jail. Less than three weeks later, the prime minister was assassinated by a member of the brotherhood. This in turn prompted the murder of Al-Banna, presumably by a government agent, in February 1949, when Al-Banna was still only 43 and at the height of his career.

On Wednesday evening, December 8, 1948 announced Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmoud Fahmi Nakkarashi solution intercourse e Muslim Brotherhood and the confiscation of money and the arrest Maze m members. On February 12, 1949 opened fire on good coffee a front of the young Muslims. He was transported to a hospital where minors kind dead. He says that the Muslim Brotherhood was left to bleed even without treatment death.

2. Hassan al- Hudaybi
Al Hassan is the second Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood and guidance the group during the period of conflict with the men revolution. Al Hassan was born in the "Arabs Sawalha" city of "Shebin Al-Qanatir" 1309 AH,(local language) approved for the month of December 1891 AD. He studied the Holy Qoran in the village, then joined the Academy, he was support with religious spirit, and Taqwa, and then turned into a Civil study, got a primary degreed in 1907. Joined Khadioeh secondary school, and got a baccalaureate degree in 1911, then joined the School of Law, he graduated in 1915.

In a short period of time he worked in Cairo in the city of "Shebin Al-Qanatir", and leaves to Sohag, for the first time in his life, without any experienced and without having to know any body, and stayed there until 1924, and he joined the judgeships.
The first he worked as a judgment in "Qena," Turning to the "Nag Hammadi" in 1925, then to "Mansura," in 1930, and remained in "Menya" one year, then moved to Assiut, Valeskazik, Giza in 1933, then settled in Cairo. He was Director of the Department of Prosecutions, the president of the Judicial Inspection, adviser Court of Cassation. Resigned from the judiciary after he was selected as a guide of the Muslim Brotherhood in years in 1951. Arrested for the first time with his brothers in the January 13, 1953, and was released in March of that same year, where senior Ministry officers revolution apologizing. Been arrested for the second time late in 1954 where he was tried and sentenced to death, then commuted to life imprisonment. After the transfer from prison to house arrest, because of old age. The house arrest was lifted in 1961.

Re-arrested on August 23, 1965 in Alexandria, tried to revive the organization, and sentenced to three years in prison, although it exceeded seventy, and knocked out for a period of fifteen days to the hospital, then to the home, then returned to complete a prison. Extended period of post-prison-term - until the date of October 15, 1971, were released. Turning to the mercy of Almighty God-in-seven on Thursday, 14 Shawwal 1393H, November 11, 1973M.

Connected brotherhood
He started relationship with Muslim Brotherhood since 1942, has satisfied this invitation practical road map theoretical before, and so while some of his relatives noticed the farmers aware of the many issues in religion and politics is not usually likes knowledge, especially as they Kano semi-literate, and since he knew that it was due to the Muslim Brotherhood, was impressed by this invitation, and is keen to attend the Friday sermons in mosques, which was giving the founder of the group, Hassan Al Banna.

His guidance
On the 12th of February 1949 men assassinated the king of Egypt, King Farouk Hassan Al-Banna. Muslim Brotherhood is looking for another leader, and was unanimously elected to the constituent body, on October 17, 1951 announced, "Al Hassan al-Hudaibi," a general guide of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Hudaibi In prison
General Guide began his new life dealing with the crisis with the revolution through a series of arrests and trials and prison, he was tortured and sentenced to death.

His books
(1) Advocates not judges. (2) That the Koran. (3) Islam and calling

3- Omar Abdul Fatah Abdul Kader Mustafa Telmaesany
He was born in November 4, 1904 in Cairo and grew up in house of richer family. The paternal grandfather from the town of Tlemcen in Algeria came to Cairo and worked in trade. The livelihood of the four children of the marriage of male and two daughters.

Study recruitment
Happened the degree of bachelor of Art in Law.

Belong to the Muslim Brotherhood.
Omar Talmisani met Hassan Albana in 1933 in his home, he was Director General in 1974, succeeding Hassan Al-hudaybi important role in the stability of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. It was in the custody of the type of cooperation between Sadat and the Muslim Brotherhood in the fight against Communist and Socialist.

Going to Prison
Omar talmisani was prisoner tree time:
In 1954, 1981 and 1984.

His books:
• Memories as memos
• Martyr inner sanctuary
• Hassan al-banna inspiring and talented
• some of the Brotherhood taught me
• kindergarten reunification
• director of the Islamic political impasse
• Islam and the religious government
• Islam and its view of the High Commissioner for women
• The less said people in the era of Abdel Nasser
• El Abidine qualities
• Rulers of the Muslims
• Only fear God?
• Do not fear, but peace
• Islam and the life
• Letter on towards the light
• Information Islamic jurisprudence
• days with Sadat
• views in religion and politic


Death
Talmasani died on Wednesday, May 22, 1986 after suffering with the disease at the age of about 82 years.

4- Mohamed Hamed Abu Al-Nasr
He was born in March 25, 1913 in Manfalot . The family belongs to Sheikh Ahmed Aboul-Nasr pioneering literary movement in Egypt.

Islamic Political Activity
Abo Al-Nasr participated his life in social work and Islamic etc:
• Member of the Society for Social reform in Manfalot 1932
• Member of the Muslim Youth association in 1933
• Member of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1934
• Member of the guidance Office of the Muslim Brotherhood.
• A General Guide the Muslim Brotherhood after the death of Professor Omar Talmasani In 1986

In Prison
Hamed Abu Nasr arrested, in 1954 together with colleagues from the Guidance Office and other members of the group when the collision revolution Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood and sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labor. He remained in prison until emerged in the era of President Mohammed Anwar Sadat.

Return to Political Activity
After release from prison resumed its case in the Muslim Brotherhood. And became a General Guide of the Muslim Brotherhood after the death of Professor Omar Talmasani in 1986. In his tenure as a guide for the group entered the largest number of Muslim Brotherhood in the People's assembly.

Death
Died of Mohamed Abu Nasr, in 1996 at the age about 83 years.

His Writing
The fact differences between “Muslim Brotherhood” and Abdal Nasr.

5- Mustafa Mashour
Mustafa Mashhour was born in September 15, 1921, in the village of Asaadein.

Education and careers
Turning to Cairo by completing secondary school, and then joined the university's Faculty of Science, and graduated in 1942. After graduating, he was appointed to the meteorological function "seer air", and he was sent to Alexandria for training, and returned to Cairo to practice.

In the Muslim Brotherhood
He joined the Muslim Brotherhood in the year 1936. In June 1954 most of the work to Mersa Matrouh, because of his affiliation to the Muslim Brotherhood, were arrested and brought to the Military Prison. He was sentenced to ten years of hard labor, then transferred to a prison Wa'd, and from there to prison oases. Arrested again in 1965, even released in the era of President Sadat assumed the general guide of the Muslim Brotherhood, after the death of Community Guide fourth Muhamed Hamed Abu Nasr 1996.

His books
He wrote many popular books; dakwah and intellectual he want to explained merely the idea of the Muslim Brotherhood on Islam and the Islamic solution “is the slogan for the group.”

6- Mohammad Mamoun al- Hadhaibi
He was born in May 28 May 1921, a son of Justice Hassan Al- Hudaybi, he guide the Muslim Brotherhood from 1950 to 1973. Mamoun al- Hadhaibi graduated from the Faculty of Law and work on behalf, he also was president of the court of Gaza in 1965.

With Muslim Brotherhood
Al participated in the work of popular resistance during the tripartite aggression on Egypt in 1956 he was arrested, and then joined the Muslim Brotherhood, No sooner plagued imprisonment and arrest, in 1965 transferred between Military Prison then, Tora. Sadat released in 1971 and after raising calls on the invitation of his return to work, but the government refused to return to work without giving any just vacation. Ma'moun elected representatives in the People's Assembly (PA) of dokki, giza govern ate in 1987.

A General guide of Muslim Brotherhood
With the disease of General Guide of Muslim Brotherhood, in the October 29, 2002 On the evening of Wednesday, 22 Ramadan 1423 AH 27 of November 2002 he was chosen as a general guide of the Muslim Brotherhood. He succeeds Professor Mustafa Mashhour to become the sixth guide of the Muslim Brotherhood.
7- Muhamed Mahdi Akip July 12, 1928.
He is a guide VII of the Muslim Brotherhood, had assumed this position after the death of his predecessor, Mamon Hudaibi in January 2004.

Biography
He was born in Kafr Alsenith-center came smaller school (Mansura) elementary school, and guidelines of the school (Fouad) secondary Cairo, then he joined the Higher Institute of Educational sports, and graduated in May 1950.
• Work after graduating, school teacher (Fouad) secondary.
• The Muslim Brotherhood in 1940, and grew up on the Senate Muslim opponents, and on top, "Hassan Al-Banna," and it was like the sheiks the same "Mohiuddin Khatib."
• Attended the Faculty of Law in 1951, and the top camps University Ibrahim (Ain Shams now) in the war against the British in the channel until the revolution, and peace camps of the university, "Kamal Eddin Hussein" in charge of the National Guard.
• Another site filled by the Muslim Brotherhood in 1954 as President of the students, and head of the Education Section Sports Center general of the Muslim Brotherhood.
• First arrested in August 1954, was tried on charges of smuggling Major, "Abdel-Moneim Abdalrauf" - a leader of the army, which oversaw the expulsion of King "Farouk" - and sentenced to death, then commuted to life with hard labor.
• Emerged from prison in 1974 to carry out his work as director general of the Ministry of Youth Development.
• Moved to Riyadh to work as an adviser to the World Youth Forum of Islamic, and responsible for camps and international conferences.
• Participated in the organization of the largest camps of the Islamic Youth in the global arena from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Turkey, Australia, Mali, Kenya, Cyprus, Germany, Britain, and America. • served as director of the Islamic Center Pmeinch.
• Take a membership Guidance Office since 1987 until today.
• Elected as a member of the People's Assembly in 1987 on the east Cairo.
• The trial of the military in 1996, in what is known as the cause of nectar, which included the time a large number of leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood, and the rule for three years, out of the prison in 1999.
• Good relations with most leaders of the Islamic Action in the world.
• Married, four children.
• Minor daughters married in 2006.

Reference:
www.ikhwanonline.com
www.ikhwanweb.com
www.muslim brotherhood.com
www.googletranslator.com